2019-07-24T08:04:00-07:00
Flavius Belisarius (500 – 565 AD)
He was one of the greatest Eastern Roman generals. It was useful for Emperor Justinian’s ambitious project to reconquer a large portion of the Mediterranean lands that belonged to the former Western Roman Empire, which had been lost a century earlier.
His historical and military career
■ Belisarius was born around the year 500 AD, in Germania. Historians disagreed about its origins, but it is possible that its name is of Slavic origin.
■ As a young man he served among the guards of Justinian, who appointed him commander of the Eastern Army. He achieved a prominent victory over the Persians in the Battle of Dara in the year 530, and led the campaign against them successfully, until the following year he was forced to enter the Battle of Calinicum and suffered defeat due to the recklessness of his soldiers.
1- Eliminating the Berber Vandal state
In 533 he led a campaign against the Berber Vandal kingdom in Africa and occupied Carthage with 15,000 mercenaries.
He ended the war by capturing the Vandal king
2- Eliminating the Ostrogothic Kingdom
Justinian invested in the dispute that the Ostrogothic kingdom, which Theodoric the Great had founded in Italy, was shaken by internal dissension, so he sent Belisarius, who invaded Naples and defended Rome for almost a year against the entire force of the Goths in Italy.
He ended the war by capturing the Gothic king.
3- He was offered independence under the rule of Rome
Belisarius’s heroism and military skill were so evident that the Ostrogoths offered to acknowledge him as Emperor of the West. But his loyalty did not waver; He rejected the offer and returned to Constantinople.
4- He invaded Sicily
5- He fought a battle with the Persians
In 540 AD, he was sent to stop the advance of the Persian king Khosrau Anushirwan. But his plans were frustrated by the turmoil within his forces, and he did not achieve any decisive result. Upon his return to Constantinople, he lived in disgrace for a while.
6- He was pardoned through his wife’s influence over the Empress’ wife.
7- He sent a military campaign to fight the Goths after they returned to occupy Rome.
8- He was removed from leadership and settled in Constantinople for a while.
9 – After settling, the Bulgarian savages entered the capital. He formed an army of soldiers and peasants and expelled them from it.
10 – Belisarius’ heroics and achievements aroused the envy of the king, and he accused him of conspiring against the emperor. His wealth was confiscated and he was imprisoned but released.
11 – After he got out of prison, he became a beggar and blind in the streets of Constantinople, and he died 3 years later.
His story was called: The Justice of Belisarius the African of New Rome.
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Musa bin Nusayr
He was the most famous military commander in the era of the Umayyad dynasty. He was the most famous leader of the conquests of Africa, then he became governor of Africa by Caliph Al-Walid bin Abdul-Malik.
He was born in the year 640 AD. There is disagreement over the origins of Musa bin Nusayr. Some historians mentioned that his father was a loyalist of the Lakhm tribe, and that his father was on the guard of Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan, and others mentioned that he was affiliated with Banu Bakr bin Wael.
1- In the year 73 AH, Abd al-Malik bin Marwan transferred his brother Bishr from the leadership of Jund Misr to Basra, and appointed him as its governor. So Bishr took Musa with him to help him, and appointed him to collect the tax from Basra. When Al-Hajjaj became governor of Basra, Musa was accused of embezzling Basra’s tax money, so Caliph Abd al-Malik bin Marwan became angry with him and fined him.
2- He was pardoned through the mediation of Abdul Aziz bin Marwan, who bore half of the fine, and took him with him to his mandate in Misr.
3- Eliminating the Berber revolution in Africa.
He was able to end many Berber revolts, and captured many of them.
During the caliphate of Al-Walid bin Abdul-Malik, Musa was able to put down the successive Berber revolts, and reopen the areas that the Berbers had seized from the Muslims after they had conquered them for the first time. He sent the spoils to Abd al-Aziz, who in turn sent them to Caliph Abd al-Malik bin Marwan, so Abd al-Malik’s anger against Musa subsided. Musa was interested in spreading Islam among the Berbers, making peace with them, and winning over their leaders, to ensure that they would not be tempted to revolt again. Thousands of them joined his army after they converted to Islam.
4- Invading Sicily, Cyprus, and the rest of the Mediterranean islands
Because the Byzantines resorted to sea invasions after losing their land battles, Musa began building an industry near the ruins of Cartagena to build a strong fleet to protect the ports. In the year 89 AH, Musa directed his son Abdullah to invade the Balearic Islands, conquering Majorca and Minorca. He also sent expeditions to invade Sardinia, Sicily, and Cyprus, which returned laden with spoils. He was also able to conquer Tangier, leaving only Ceuta in Morocco, which was under the rule of Julian the Goth.
5- Eliminating the Gothic state in Andalusia
The Umayyads took advantage of the disputes within the Gothic kingdom, when Count Julian wrote to Musa bin Nusayr and it was said that his commander in Tangier, Tariq bin Ziyad, called on Muslims to invade Andalusia, due to enmity between him and Roderick, king of the Goths.
In Ramadan 91 AH, Musa sent a company of 400 fighters and a hundred knights led by Tarif bin Malik. They landed on an island that was later called Tarif Island, and captured a lot of spoils. Then, Musa prepared an army of 7,000 fighters, most of whom were Berbers. Tariq bin Ziyad assumed its leadership, and ordered him to cross to Andalusia in the year 92 AH.
The Muslims defeated Roderick’s army, and Roderick fled and did not appear again, and it was said that he was captured.
Tariq sent to Musa informing him of the conquest. So Musa sent to Al-Walid bin Abdul-Malik giving him good news, and to Tariq ordering him not to complete the conquest and to remain in Cordoba until he joined him. Then Musa appointed his son Abdullah as successor to Kairouan, and crossed to Andalusia in Rajab 93 AH.
After his arrival in Andalusia, Musa took a different route than Tariq, and conquered the cities of Shadhuna, Qarmouna, Seville, Beja, and Merida. Then the people of Seville revolted against its Muslim garrison and killed them, so Musa sent his son Abdul Aziz to them and reconquered it, and from there Abdul Aziz conquered Bala.
6 – Musa bin Nusayr was offered independence in the Emirate of Andalusia, but he rejected the idea.
7 – In the year 95, messengers from Caliph Al-Walid called for Musa to come to him, so Musa went out with Tariq bin Ziyad, wanting Damascus, and his son Abdul Aziz took his place, who used Seville as his base. Musa’s delegation, accompanied by Tariq, came to Caliph Suleiman bin Abdul Malik after the death of Al-Walid in the year 96 AH.
8 – When Musa arrived in Damascus, he arrived and became Caliph Suleiman bin Abdul Malik.
9 – Suleiman bin Abd al-Mullim dismissed Musa bin Nusayr at the time of his arrival, out of envy and fear of the reputation that Musa had achieved due to his achievements and deeds that were on the lips of the people… and narratives say that the reason for the removal was that Suleiman wrote to Musa asking him to slow down. Coming, wanting to enter upon him at the beginning of his caliphate, while Al-Walid was on his deathbed, but Musa refused.
10 – When Musa came to Suleiman, Suleiman ordered his removal, accused him of embezzling money, and imprisoned him, but he was released through the intercession of Yazid bin Al-Muhallab.
11 – After his release from prison, he lived for three years as a poor, blind beggar.
His story is described similarly…Sinmar’s reward
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Almost the same character, the same actions, and the same circumstances
There is a difference about its origin —- There is a difference about its origin
He fought the Persians in 540 AD — His father fought the Persians in 640 AD
At the beginning of his life, he was isolated, but was pardoned through mediation. At the beginning of his life, he was accused of a case, but he was pardoned through mediation.
He was famous as the leader of African wars — he was famous as the leader of the conquests of Africa
He eliminated the Vandal state – He eliminated a state in Andalusia (Andalusia was given this name because it was inhabited by the Vandals).
He eliminated the Berbers in Africa — He eliminated the Berber revolutions in Africa.
He destroyed the Gothic kingdom — He destroyed the Gothic kingdom
The dispute within the Gothic Kingdom was exploited to occupy it – there was a dispute in the Gothic Kingdom, which facilitated the conquest process.
The king of the Goths is named Theodoric — The king of the Goths is named Roderick
He invaded Sicily and other islands —- He invaded Sicily, Cyprus and other islands
Removal from leadership by the king due to envy — Removal from leadership by the king due to envy
His money was confiscated — his money was confiscated
Imprisoned and released by mediation – Imprisoned and released by mediation
After imprisonment, a poor, blind beggar lived in the capital. After imprisonment, he lived a poor, blind beggar in the capital.
He died three years after his release from prison—He died three years after his release from prison.
After him came a leader named Sulaiman – who was deposed during the reign of Sulaiman
Sulaiman = Sulaiman
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When we read in history a saying attributed to Al-Mamun, which he said after he translated the Greek books: Our goods were returned to us.
It is an argument that has one true side and two false sides.
The correct side… our history is actually translations… not our real history. And that translations are a historical fact in our heritage, but the Arab believes that translation is the translation of science and philosophy, while it is translations of history, heritage, etc…. and the phrase was put in place in order to convince the Muslim and the Arab….. that translations of Greek books are… Our origin and our history, because the purpose of the translations was not something positive, but rather the purpose was… to create a new memory for the peoples of the region.
Because really… our entire history… is made up of hypothetical novels translated from hypothetical Greek stories… but they were formulated with décor, furniture, geography, and characters with Arabic names only… and they have no truth. .
The goal was what a Czech historian said:
“To liquidate peoples, we begin by erasing their memories, then we destroy their books that contain their culture and history, then someone else comes to write other books for them, give them another culture, and invent another history for them, and then after that the people gradually begin to forget, who he is!, and how. “It was! And the world around him will quickly forget him too.”
As for the false aspect of this saying, it is that Mamun did not say it, and it was not said 1000 years ago… Rather, it was written 250 years ago, as part of a project of translations that will be presented to Arabs and Muslims at the time of the appearance of the printer, to make the saying legitimate. From within the structure of culture to accept such translated books as truth for people.
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This similarity between the two characters…explains to you the reasons for the appearance of a great similarity in many ancient historical figures and many historical events.
The lack of awareness of the reality of translations in our heritage… causes difficulty in understanding some of those who research history, while studying a historical figure or historical events (S)… and when they go back a lot to an earlier time in history… ….So they read from other historical sources that contain the character and events of (A), and they find that it is completely similar to (S), so they believe that (S) is nothing but (A), and they come up with new results that the real history is (A).
For example, they produce results:
(S = Arabic character) is (A = Greek character)
(S = Arabic events) is (A = Greek events)
(S = Arabic place) is (A = Greek place)
(S = Arabic story) is (A = Greek story)
(S = Arabic Hats) is (A = Greek Hats)
The truth is that (S) and (A)… are nothing but one hypothetical novel written at one time…. but it was translated into different languages and different decorations were applied to it… and it was projected into multiple times. Multiple places.
This is what a German researcher named Hans Zelmer arrived at when he reviewed previous research… and concluded that ancient historical records were created in one period, approximately with the advent of the printing press, and were projected onto… Time immemorial, by repetition.